Perioperative Butorphanol for the Prevention of Postoperative Pulmonary Complications After Thoracoscopic Lung Resection: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Co

Postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs) remain common after thoracoscopic lung resection. Butorphanol, a κ-opioid receptor agonist with analgesic and potential opioid-sparing properties, may influence postoperative respiratory recovery. This trial evaluated whether periopera

Medical Literature · Updated 2026-08-02

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